Piston pump

ABSTRACT

A piston pump is provided comprising a cylinder with an inner cylinder wall. The piston pump comprises at least one working space including fluid intake and fluid outlet, a piston including a piston rod and a piston head. The piston head includes a lateral surface facing the cylinder wall, a front surface facing the working space, a rear surface and at least one piston head channel. Furthermore, the piston head&#39;s lateral surface is provided with a first projection and a second projection extending round the entire circumference of the lateral surface and in contact with the cylinder wall, thereby forming an annulus which is defined by the first projection, the second projection, the cylinder wall and possibly the cylinder head&#39;s lateral surface between the first and the second projections if the piston head is designed so that the projections are provided with an axial spacing between them. The projections are designed so that a pressurized liquid located in the annulus will substantially flow into the cylinder&#39;s working space.

This application is a National Stage Application of PCT/NO2008/000369,filed 16 Oct. 2008, which claims benefit of Serial No. 20075302, filed17 Oct. 2007 in Norway and which applications are incorporated herein byreference. To the extent appropriate, a claim of priority is made toeach of the above disclosed applications.

The present invention relates to a piston pump, especially a piston pumpfor pumping a liquid containing solid particles such as for pumpingdrilling mud in connection with recovery of hydrocarbons.

When pumping liquids containing solid particles the problem of weararises due to the fact that the solid particles in the liquid becomelodged between the piston and the cylinder. The wear occurs on bothpiston and cylinder after a period of use when the particles becomelodged between the piston and the cylinder, resulting in the beginningsof a “scratch” in the cylinder wall. Once a scratch has started, largerparticles will be deposited in the scratch and as time goes by therewill be a leakage of drilling mud under high pressure. The piston mustthen be replaced. The cylinder is expected to have to be replaced aftertwo piston replacements.

In order to reduce the wear, all pumps are currently equipped with aflushing system. This consists of a pump with reservoir, a hose up tothe rear of the piston where a casing with nozzles is installed. Thenozzles spray water or oil, flushing cylinder and piston. However, thereare still considerable expenses involved in replacing these partsrelatively often.

From the prior art in the field we may mention US 2004/0244577 A1disclosing a piston pump which pumps liquid containing sand particles.The piston is provided with two seals 24 and 58. Between these packingsan annular space 56 is formed which is supplied with a liquid through abore 54 from a bore 36 passing centrally through the piston. The annulus56 is pressurised thereby subjecting the seal 24 to the same pressure onboth sides of the seal. Thus liquid will essentially not flow out of theannulus.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,598,630 discloses a double acting mud pump comprising anassembly of three pistons which are provided on a piston rod, a first(middle) piston and a second (left) piston and a third (right) pistonwhich are provided movably in the axial direction on either side of thefirst piston. Between the third and the first piston a first chamber iscreated (CI) and between the second piston and the first piston a secondchamber (C2) is created wherein the volume of the two chambers varieswith the position of the second and the third pistons. A fluid issupplied to the chambers C1 and C2 through ducts in the piston rod. Thepistons are provided with sealing elements which provide sealingsbetween the piston and the cylinder.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,476,771 has the same applicant as U.S. Pat. No.4,598,630, and disclosed a very similar pump, but somewhat simpler inconstruction. The disclosed pump comprises a first (left) piston whichis fixed on a piston rod and a second (right) piston which is attachedaxially movable on the piston rod relative to the first piston rod. Thispump does not have any ducts at all for the supply of a fluid to achamber (with a variable volume) which is created between the twopistons. The fluid is instead supplied by letting the fluid flow intothe chamber between the second piston and the cylinder wall during thereturn stroke of the pump.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,270,440 discloses a drilling mud pump where a seal 74with a gap filler 78 and a wear band 92 are mounted in the piston. Theseprotrude further out than the rest of the piston, thereby forming anannulus 90 between the piston and the cylinder wall and the two seals.Water is supplied to this annulus through water channels 88 in the gapfiller 78 and the channel 34. The wear band 92 is arranged withhelically shaped ridges 94 and grooves 96, thus enabling the water toflow through the seal 92 and out at the rear of the piston in such amanner that, on account of the helically shaped grooves 96, the waterobtains a rotating motion which flushes the cylinder wall when the waterflows through the grooves 96 and out at the rear of the piston.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,720,140 discloses a drilling mud pump where the pistonhead is provided at its rear edge with a flange 15 which has a verysmall clearance to the cylinder wall. On the piston head, in front ofthe flange, a seal 20 is mounted to provide a seal against the cylinderwall. On the outer edge of the flange an annular groove is providedwhich during use can be supplied with a liquid under high pressurethrough a hose 31. According to the description the liquid is thenforced through the small clearance between the flange and the cylinder,forming a thin film behind the piston. This film cools, cleans andlubricates during the piston's return stroke. Insofar as there is a flowof liquid, a thin film in this case, the liquid will substantially flowout behind the piston.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,367,185 discloses a drilling mud piston where the insideof the piston is equipped with an inner 35 and an outer ring 35′, andoutside the inner ring 35 an inner wiping disk 39 and outside the outerring 35′ an outer wiping disk 39′. Between the inner ring and the innerwiping disk there is an annulus which is supplied with a liquid throughchannels in the piston rod. Correspondingly, there is an annulus betweenthe outer ring and the outer wiping disk 39′ which can be supplied witha liquid through channels in the piston rod. When the piston moves tothe right, a negative pressure is created on the left side of the pistonwhich draws water into the annulus (between inner ring 35 and innerwiping disk 39) and on into the cylinder (liner) 2 past the outer edgeof the wiping disk 39. Correspondingly a negative pressure is created onthe right side of the piston when it moves to the left, drawing waterinto the annulus (between outer ring 35′ and outer wiping disk 39′) andon into the cylinder past the outer edge of the wiping disk 39′.

Since there is no pressurised liquid in the annuli (the liquid is suckedinto the return stroke by means of the negative pressure created) andthe liquid which is sucked in can flow past the wiping disks 39, 39′,drilling mud will probably penetrate the annuli during the pump stroke.No mention is made of whether these wiping disks should be designed topermit liquid to flow past in one direction and prevent liquid fromflowing past in the opposite direction. Nor is there any indication inthe figures that the wiping disks are so designed.

The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a pump foruse when pumping liquid containing particles, where wear on the cylinderon account of the particles is reduced compared with the prior art inthe field, while at the same time the design is simple.

This is achieved according to the invention with a piston pump asdefined in the independent claim 1. Alternative embodiments of theinvention are set forth in the following, dependent claims.

A piston pump is provided, comprising a cylinder with an inner cylinderwall and at least one working space including at least one fluid intakeand at least one fluid outlet. The piston pump further comprises apiston which is arranged in the cylinder on a piston rod. The pistoncomprises a piston head including a lateral surface facing the cylinderwall and with a diameter which is smaller than the cylinder's internaldiameter, a front surface facing the working space and a rear surface.The piston head's lateral surface is further provided with a firstprojection and a second projection, both extending round the entirecircumference of the lateral surface. The first and the secondprojections have respective external diameters when the projections arenot subjected to an external load or pressure which reduces theirdiameters (for example before the piston is mounted in the cylinder)which are preferably larger than the cylinder's internal diameter, withthe result that the first and the second projections are in contact withthe cylinder wall when the piston is mounted in the cylinder. An annulusis thereby formed between the first projection, the second projection,the cylinder wall and the cylinder head's lateral surface between thefirst and the second projections if the piston head is designed so thatthe projections are arranged with an axial spacing between them in thecylinder's longitudinal direction. The first and the second projectionsare designed so that a pressurised liquid located in the annulus willsubstantially flow into the cylinder's working space. The piston head isfurther provided with at least one piston head channel which providesfluid communication between preferably the piston head's rear surface,possibly the piston head's lateral surface behind the second projectionand the annulus, thereby enabling liquid-state fluid to be supplied tothe annulus.

The first and the second projections may be provided on the piston headin such a manner that they are placed directly behind each other, i.e.without axial spacing between them. Alternatively, the first and thesecond projections may be arranged spaced axially apart on the pistonhead. A part of the piston head's lateral surface will then be locatedbetween the first and the second projections. This part of the pistonhead's lateral surface may have a cylindrical shape where the lateralsurface is parallel to the pump's centre axis, or possibly a more orless conical shape where the piston head's lateral surface is notparallel to the pump's centre axis. Another alternative is for thepiston head's lateral surface between the first and the secondprojections to be curved.

It is also possible to envisage the first and the second projectionsdesigned in such a way that together they cover the entire lateralsurface of the piston head. It may be envisaged that the projections inthis embodiment are designed so that they cover the entire lateralsurface of the piston head apart from being provided with an axialspacing between them.

The first projection is so defined that it is located nearer the workingspace than the second projection. Since the two projections are incontact with the cylinder wall on the inside, two angles α and β mayalso be defined in the annulus. In an axial section through the pistonpump where the section is taken so that the piston pump's centre axislies in the same plane as the section, the angle α is the angle definedby the cylinder wall and the part of the first projection facing theannulus and is in contact with the cylinder wall at one end. In the sameaxial section the angle β is defined as the angle between the cylinderwall and the part of the second projection facing in towards the annulusand is in contact with the cylinder wall at one end. If the sides of thefirst and the second projections are curved, the angle α will be definedas the angle between the cylinder wall and the tangent of the curvedside of the first projection at the point where the first projectioncomes into contact with the cylinder wall nearest the annulus.

Correspondingly, the angle β can be defined as the angle between thecylinder wall and the tangent of the curve side of the second projectionat the point where the second projection comes into contact with thecylinder wall nearest the annulus.

The first and the second projections are designed so that a liquidlocated in the annulus will substantially flow out into the cylinder'sworking space and not backwards and out at the rear of the piston'spiston head. The first projection is therefore designed so that theangle α in the annulus is less than 90°.

In general it can be said that the smaller the angle, the more easilythe liquid in the annulus will flow into the cylinder's working space.Thus in a preferred embodiment the angle α is in the range 2-30°.

In order to further avoid the liquid in the annulus flowing backwardsout of the annulus and out behind the piston head, the second projectionis designed so that the angle β in the annulus is at least equal to 90°.In order to further reduce the possibility of the liquid in the annulusflowing out backwards, in an embodiment the second projection isdesigned so that the angle β is greater than 90°, preferably in therange 90-150°.

In order to reduce the possibility of the liquid with particles which isbeing pumped flowing in between the first projection and the cylinderwall, at least a part of the piston head's front surface has a concaveshape. In an embodiment the whole front surface is concave in shape. Inan alternative embodiment a part of the front surface is concave inshape. The remaining part of the front surface may, e.g., be flat. Whenonly a part of the front surface is concave, it is preferably the outerpart of the front surface from the front surface's end edge towards thecylinder wall and a distance in towards the pump's centre axis which isconcave, while a central area of the front surface, within the concavepart of the front surface, for example, may be flat.

The piston head, including the first and the second projections, ispreferably made of an elastic material, such as a rubber material. Thepiston head and the first and the second projections are also providedas a single, integrated unit, i.e. packings or similar elements mountedon the piston head do not form part of the first and the secondprojections. It could be desirable to design the projections so thatthey are slightly more elastic than the rest of the piston head. Forthis reason it is also possible to design the piston head, with theprojections, so that it has a varying elasticity.

Sine the piston head is preferably made of an elastic material, thepiston is provided with a piston head rest against which the pistonhead's rear surface abuts. The shape of the piston head rest's surfacefacing the piston head matches the shape of the piston head's rearsurface. Both surfaces are preferably substantially flat surfaces.

The piston head rest's diameter is substantially the same as the pistonhead and is smaller than the cylinder's internal diameter. The pistonhead also has a diameter, measured diametrically outside theprojections, which is less than the cylinder's internal diameter. On thepiston it is therefore only the outer edges of the first and the secondprojections, i.e. those parts of the projections located furthest fromthe pump's centre axis, which are in contact with the inner cylinderwall.

In order for the annulus to be supplied with a liquid under pressure,such as water or an oil, the piston head rest is provided with at leastone through-going piston head rest channel extending in the cylinder'slongitudinal direction from the piston head rest's surface facing thepiston head to the rear of the piston head rest. The piston head restchannel is in fluid contact with the at least one piston head channel onthe side of the piston head rest facing the piston head. On the rear ofthe piston head rest the at least one piston head channel is in fluidcontact with a hose or another suitable means for delivering theliquid-state fluid. In this way the liquid-state fluid can be deliveredto the annulus.

In an embodiment the piston head's rear surface or the piston headrest's surface facing the piston head is provided with a ring channel inthe surface, i.e. a groove in the surface extending round the pistonhead's rear surface and/or the piston head's surface in acircumferential direction. A flow channel is thereby formed for fluidflow when the piston head abuts the piston head rest. If both the pistonhead's rear surface and the piston head rest's surface are provided withring channels, their shape and size match each other so that they formone ring channel when the piston head's rear surface abuts the pistonhead rest. In such an embodiment the at least one piston head channelwill extend from the annulus to the ring channel and the at least one,through-going piston head rest channel will discharge into the ringchannel. A liquid-state fluid can thereby be supplied to the annulus.

The piston pump may be designed as a simple pump with a working spaceand a piston. Alternatively, the pump's piston rod may be provided witha piston head at both ends whereby the piston pump is provided witheither

-   -   one cylinder wherein the piston rod with the piston heads is        arranged so that a working space is formed at each end of the        cylinder, or    -   two cylinders where each of the piston heads is each arranged in        its own cylinder.

A further alternative is to design the pump so that the piston rod isthrough-going through a cylinder comprising two or more working spacesand where a piston head is provided on the piston rod in each workingspace.

It is also possible to provide the pump's cylinder with two workingspaces, with one working space on each side of the piston. In this casethe piston head rest may be provided with two piston heads, one on eachside of the piston head rest, with the result that the two piston heads'front surfaces each face in an axial direction towards their respectiveworking spaces. In this embodiment the piston pump will pump when thepiston moves in both directions. The supply of liquid to the pistonheads' annulus may be implemented through a channel in the piston rod onto the ring channels or the piston head channels which will be providedin connection with the two piston heads.

An embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail withreference to the attached figures, in which

FIG. 1 is an axial cross section of an embodiment of the piston pump,

FIGS. 2-4 illustrate three possible embodiments of the piston head'sannulus.

FIG. 1 illustrates a piston pump 10 for pumping a liquid containingsolid particles, such as for example drilling mud, where the liquidconstitutes a problem with regard to wear on the pump. The piston pump10 comprises at least one cylinder 14 and a piston 12 which is arrangedin the cylinder 14.

The piston 12 comprises a piston rod 26 and a piston head rest 28 whichis securely mounted on the piston rod 26. Furthermore, a piston head 34is mounted on the piston head rest 28. This may be done in various ways,for example as illustrated in FIG. 1 where the piston head 34 isprovided with a through-going hole which is coaxial with the pump'scentre axis 60 and has a diameter corresponding to the piston rod'sdiameter. The piston head is slid on to the piston rod, which isprovided with a bolt part 20 with threads at the end, so that the pistonhead's rear surface 49 abuts the piston head rest's front piston headrest surface 30 and is fastened by a nut 22 which is screwed on to thebolt part 20, pressing the piston head 34 against the piston head rest28.

The piston head 34 is provided with a lateral surface 42, a rear surface49 and a front surface 46. As indicated above, the rear surface 49 abutsthe piston head rest 28. The front surface 46 faces out towards thecylinder's 14 working space 18 where the liquid which has to be pumpedis located. The cylinder is equipped with one or more fluid intakes andone or more fluid outlets (not shown in the figure) for intake anddischarge of the liquid. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, thefront surface 46 has a partly concave shape where the front surface 46has a concave shape out towards the piston head's 34 outer edge and asubstantially flat shape centrally round the bolt part 20. In analternative embodiment the whole front surface 46, for example, may beflat or the whole front surface 46 may be concave.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the piston head 34 has a substantiallycylindrical shape where the lateral surface 42 is parallel to thecylinder's inner wall 15, and has a diameter which is smaller than thecylinder's 14 internal diameter. It is also possible to give the pistonhead 34 another shape, for example a conical shape, with the result thatthe lateral surface 42, in at least a part of its axial extension, isnot parallel to the cylinder's 14 inner wall 15.

The piston head 34 is further provided with a first projection 36 and asecond projection 38. Both the projections 36, 38 protrude from thecylinder head's lateral surface 42, extending round the entirecircumference of the cylinder head. The outermost part of theprojections 36, 38 comprises an end edge 47 on the first projection 36and an end edge 48 on the second projection 38. Before the piston 12 ismounted in the cylinder 14, i.e. when the projections 36, 38 are notsubjected to an external load or pressure which reduces the end edges'47, 48 diameter, the end edges 47, 48 have a diameter which is largerthan the cylinder's 14 internal diameter. The piston head 34 and theprojections 36, 38 and thereby the end edges 47, 48 are made of anelastic material and therefore abut the cylinder's inner wall 15,thereby forming an annulus 40 which is defined by the first projection36, the second projection 38, the cylinder's inner wall 15 and possiblythe cylinder head's lateral surface 42 if the first and secondprojections are mounted on the cylinder head's lateral surface 42 withan axial spacing (i.e. in the cylinder's longitudinal direction) betweenthem. In FIG. 1 the first projection 36 and the second projection 38 areshown provided without such an axial spacing between them.

The first projection 36 is located nearer the cylinder's 14 workingspace 18 than the second projection 38. The first projection 36 ispreferably mounted right at the front on the piston head 34, asillustrated in FIG. 1, but may of course be mounted further back on thepiston head 34 if so desired. When the first projection is mounted atthe front on the piston head's lateral surface 42, as illustrated inFIG. 1, the side of the first projection 36 facing the working spacewill form a part of the piston head's front surface 46.

In the piston head 34 there is also provided a piston head channel 50extending between the annulus 40 and the piston head's rear surface 49.In the piston head rest 28 there is provided a corresponding, axiallythrough-going piston head rest channel 31 which is connected at the rearpiston head rest surface 29 to a fluid supply means 52 for deliveringfluid. This fluid supply means may, for example, be a hose. If only onepiston head channel 50 is provided in the piston head 34, this and thepiston head rest channel 31 are arranged in such a way that a fluid canflow through the piston head rest channel 31 into the piston headchannel at the transition between the piston head rest 28 and the pistonhead 34.

An alternative is to provide two or more piston head channels 50 fromthe annulus 40 to the piston head's rear surface 49. In order to avoid acorresponding number of piston head rest channels 31 and fluid supplymeans 52, in the front piston head rest surface 30 a ring channel 32 maybe provided to supply fluid through the piston head rest channel 31extending between the ring channel 32 and the rear piston head restsurface 29 where the fluid supply means 52 is connected to the pistonhead rest channel 31. The ring channel 32 is preferably in the form of agroove in the front piston head rest surface 28 and is designed so thatall the piston head channels 50 are in fluid contact with the ringchannel 32 when the piston head 34 abuts the piston head rest 28. Theannulus 40 is thereby guaranteed a steady supply of fluid round itsentire circumference.

An alternative to providing the ring channel 40 at the front of thepiston head rest surface 30 is to provide the ring channel 40 as agroove in the piston head's 34 rear surface 49 in such a manner that thepiston head rest channel 31 discharges into the ring channel 40 when thepiston head 34 abuts the piston head rest 28.

Another alternative is to provide the ring channel 32 in two parts inthe form of a groove in the front piston head rest surface 30 and acorresponding groove in the piston head's rear surface 49, therebyforming a complete ring channel 32 when the piston head 34 abuts thepiston head rest's 28 front piston head rest surface 30.

In FIGS. 2-4 three alternative embodiments of the annulus 40 areillustrated. In FIG. 2 the first projection 36 and the second projection38 are mounted on the piston head 34 without an axial spacing betweenthem. The annulus 40 is therefore defined by the two projections 36, 38and the cylinder's inner wall 15. The piston head 34 abuts the pistonhead rest 28 and the piston head channel 50 supplies a fluid underpressure to the annulus 40.

As shown in FIG. 2, which is an axial cross section through the pump's10 centre axis 60 (see FIG. 1), the angle α between the first projection36 and the cylinder's inner wall 15, and located in the annulus, is lessthan 90°. The angle is preferably considerably less than 90°.Correspondingly, the angle β between the second projection 38 and thecylinder wall 15, and located in the annulus, is greater than or equalto 90°. By designing the projections 36, 38 in this way, a liquidlocated in the annulus 40 will substantially flow out into thecylinder's working space 18 between the first projection 36 and thecylinder wall 15, thereby flushing the cylinder wall. In this embodimentof the invention the two projections 36, 38 cover the entire lateralsurface 42 of the piston head 34.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the annulus 40 where the firstprojection 36 and the second projection 38 are arranged with an axialspacing between them. In this embodiment the part of the lateral surface42 located between the projections 36, 38 is not parallel to thecylinder wall 15, but the lateral surface 42 may of course be designedso that it is parallel to the cylinder wall 15 if so desired. In thesame way as illustrated in FIG. 2, the angles α and β between the firstprojection 36 and the cylinder's inner wall 15 and the second projection38 and the cylinder wall 15 respectively, are less than 90° and greaterthan or equal to 90° respectively. The angle α is preferablyconsiderably less than 90°, so that the liquid located in the annulus 40will substantially flow out into the cylinder's working space 18 betweenthe first projection 36 and the cylinder wall 15.

In FIG. 4 a further embodiment of the annulus 40 is illustrated, wherethe first projection 36 and the second projection 38 are curved inshape. In this embodiment the two projections 36, 38 are providedwithout an axial spacing between them, which can be seen in the figure,but the projections may of course be provided spaced axially apart wherethe part of the lateral surface 42 located between the two projections36, 38, viewed in an axial section, may be rectilinear or curved. Theangles α and β between the first projection 36 and the cylinder wall 15and the second projection 38 and the cylinder wall 15 respectively arethen defined as the angle between the cylinder wall 15 and the tangentof the curved surfaces of the projections 36, 38 (in an axial sectionthrough the centre axis 60) at the point where the projections 36, 38come into contact with the cylinder wall 15. This is clearly illustratedin FIG. 4. In practice the surfaces of both projections 36, 38 andpossibly the lateral surface 42 may be curved. Alternatively, one or twoof the surfaces of the projections 36, 38 and possibly the lateralsurface 42 may be curved. For this embodiment of the annulus too theangles α and β between the first projection 36 and the cylinder wall 15and the second projection 38 and the cylinder wall 15 respectively areless than 90°, and greater than or equal to 90° respectively. The angleα is preferably considerably less than 90° so that the liquid located inthe annulus 40 substantially flows out into the cylinder's working space18 between the first projection 36 and the cylinder wall 15.

In FIG. 4 both the first and the second projections 36, 38 are providedwith curved surfaces which are convex. Naturally, it is possible toprovide one or both the projections 36, 38 with convex surfaces if sodesired. When the surfaces of the projections have a convex shape, theangles α and β will be defined in a manner corresponding to that whenthe surfaces of the projections have a concave shape.

For the record, it should be emphasised that when discussing theprojections' 36, 38 possibly curved, i.e. concave or convex, surfaces,this is viewed in a plane which is an axial section through the pistonpump in which the centre axis 60 is located. Since the piston head iscylindrical, double-curved surfaces will therefore be obtained on theprojections 36, 38 when they are provided with concave or convexsurfaces as illustrated in FIG. 4.

Furthermore, it should also be stressed that the angle which, viewed inan axial cross section through the centre axis 60, is formed by thefirst projection 36 and the cylinder wall 15 and which faces thecylinder's working space 18, in the same way as the angle β in theannulus 40, is preferably greater than 90° in order to reduce the chanceof the liquid with solid particles in the working space 18 penetratingbetween the first projection 36 and the cylinder wall 15. In anembodiment where the first projection 36 is mounted right at the frontof the lateral surface 42 and the front surface 46 has a concave shape,as illustrated in FIG. 1, this angle will automatically become greaterthan 90°.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A piston pump comprising a cylinder with aninner cylinder wall and at least one working space, which piston pumpfurther comprises a piston including a piston head which is providedwith a lateral surface facing the cylinder wall and a front surfacefacing the working space, the piston head's lateral surface beingprovided with a first projection and a second projection extending roundthe entire circumference of the lateral surface and abutting thecylinder wall, thereby forming an annulus between the piston head andthe cylinder wall which is delimited by the projections in the axialdirection; and that the first projection is designed such that apressurised fluid in the annulus flows past the first projection and outinto the working space while the second projection is designed so thatthe pressurised fluid is prevented from flowing past the secondprojection and out of the annulus, wherein the piston head and theprojections are provided as a single integrated unit in that theprojections are not formed with separate packings mounted on the pistonhead, and in an elastic material, and that the piston head is providedwith at least one piston head channel for delivery of the pressurizedfluid to the annulus.
 2. A piston pump according to claim 1, wherein thepiston is provided with a piston head rest which is mounted on a pistonrod and against which a rear surface on the piston head abuts.
 3. Apiston pump according to claim 1, wherein the first projection islocated nearer the working space than the second projection and that anangle α in the annulus is less than 90°, where the angle α, in an axialcross section through the cylinder's longitudinal centre axis, liesbetween the first projection and the cylinder wall.
 4. A piston pumpaccording to claim 1, wherein the first projection is located nearer theworking space than the second projection and that an angle α in theannulus is in the range 2-30°, where the angle α, in an axial crosssection through the cylinder's longitudinal centre axis, lies betweenthe first projection and the cylinder wall.
 5. A piston pump accordingto claim 1, wherein the first projection is located nearer the workingspace than the second projection and that an angle β in the annulus isgreater than or equal to 90°, where the angle β, in an axial crosssection through the cylinder's longitudinal centre axis, lies betweenthe second projection and the cylinder wall.
 6. A piston pump accordingto claim 1, wherein the first projection is located nearer the workingspace than the second projection and that an angle β in the annulus isin the range 90-150°, where the angle β, in an axial cross sectionthrough the cylinder's longitudinal centre axis, lies between the secondprojection and the cylinder wall.
 7. A piston pump according to claim 1,wherein the piston head channel extends between the annulus and a rearsurface on the piston head.
 8. A piston pump according to claim 1,wherein at least a part of the piston head's front surface is concave inshape.
 9. A piston pump according to claim 1, wherein the piston head'sfront surface has a substantially flat shape in an area round thecylinder's centre axis and has a concave shape from the flat surfacearea and radially outwards towards the front surface's end edge.
 10. Apiston pump according to claim 1, wherein a piston head rest is providedwith at least one through-going piston head rest channel in thecylinder's longitudinal direction, which piston head rest channel is influid contact with the at least one piston head channel for supply ofliquid to the annulus.
 11. A piston pump according to claim 10, whereinthe piston head's rear surface and/or the piston head rest's surfacefacing the piston head is provided with a ring channel which forms aflow channel for fluid flow when the piston head abuts the piston headrest, and where the at least one piston head channel extends from theannulus to the ring channel and the at least one through-going pistonhead rest channel discharges into the ring channel.
 12. A piston pumpaccording to claim 1, wherein at least one piston head rest channel onthe rear side of a piston head rest is connected to a fluid supply meansfor delivery of pressurised fluid to the annulus.